Practice Questions for Phylum Cnidaria and Phylum Ctenophora

Phylum Cnidaria

1. Cnidarians have specialized cells called __________ that may contain a stinging organelle called the __________.
2. T/F - Cnidarians are diploblastic having both an ectoderm and a mesoderm.
3. Do Cnidarians have a gut? If yes, is it complete or incomplete?
4. Cnidarians have a gelatinous layer called __________, that may aid in buoyancy for free swimming forms.
5. Do Cnidarians have extracellular or intracellular digestion?
6. Cnidarians have a ___________ _______ system instead of a central __________ system.
7. T/F - Cnidarians are mostly filter feeders with only a few predatory species
8. The primitive eye of Cnidarians is called a(n) _____________.
9. A nerve net is _____________, while a central nervous system is ___________.
10. T/F - Cnidarians have both longitudinal and circular muscles.
11. What type of symmetry do Cnidarians exhibit?
12. Cnidarians exhibit dimorphism: the __________ stage is free-swimming and the ___________ stage is sessile.
13. T/F - Dimorphism decreases the ecological niche potential
14. Cnidarians have a __________ gut.
15. The free-swimming larvae of Cnidaria is a ____________.
16. T/F - Cnidarians can only reproduce sexually.
17. Which two systems do Cnidarians lack?
18. T/F - Cnidarians are pseudocoelomates.
19. I am a marine dwelling medusa with no velum, I belong to class ___________.
20. I am a freshwater species with no medusa stage, I belong to class ____________.
21. I am a marine dwelling polyp that forms a mutualistic relationship with algae, I belong to class ____________.
22. I am a a stalked jellyfish, I belong to class ____________.
23. My common name is box jellyfish and have a velarium and 4 long tentacles, I belong to class ____________.
24. In the polymorphism of obelia the ___________ stage exhibits sexual reproduction and the ____________ stage exhibits asexual reproduction.
25. T/F - Obelia have a velum and Moon Jellyfish lack a velum.
26. This member of Hydrazoa lives in colonies of polyps and medusae and is extremely dangerous.
27. T/F - Anthozoans have lost their medusa stage.
28. Coral reefs are restricted by what environmental factors?
29. Algae blooms, caused by over nutrification, lead to _________________ that have very little oxyen available and almost no life.

Phylum Ctenophora

1. What are the common names for Ctenophorans?
2. T/F - Ctenophorans are triploblastic organisms with spherical symmetry.
3. The gelatinous layer within Ctenophorans is ______________.
4. The ____________ cells are adhesive and aid in capturing prey.
5. T/F - Ctenophorans exhibit polymorphism body stages and have several colonial forms.
6. Do Ctenophorans have a true coelomic cavity?

Practice Questions from Phylum Porifera

Chapter 11: Classification

1. What are the three ears of Whittaker's 5 kingdoms?
2. What group is common to all three "ears" above?
3. What is the common ancestor of Animalia?
4. What type of symmetry do Sea Stars have?
5. What type of symmetry does a fish have?
6. What type of symmetry does a blasula have?
7. What germ layers does Diploblastic refer to?
8. In the blastula what germ layer is being formed?
9. With the formation of the blastopore what germ layer is being formed?
10. In Protostomes where do the Mesoderm cells arise?
11. T/F - All Metazoans are Triploblastic.
12. What type of coelom formation do true coelomate Protostomes have?

Chapter 12: Porifera

1. T/F - Members of Porifera are sessile only as juveniles.
2. Who first proposed that metazoans arose from a colonial flagellated form?
3. What does the blastopore become in protostomes?
4. T/F - Metazoans appear to be a monophyletic group.
5. Phylum Porifera are named after what body characteristic?
6. What type of symmetry do many sponges have?
7. What type of feeding do sponges do?
8. What is the name of the flagellated "collar cells" of sponges?
9. T/F - Sponges live comensally with many other animals.
10. T/F - Sponges are a great food source for lots of marine animals?
11. What are the 4 specialized cells of a sponge?
12. What is the gelatinous layer of sponges called?
13. Spicules of Sponges are either __________ or __________?
14. T/F - The canal type is used to identify different Classes of Phylum Porifera?
15. What are the 3 Classes of Phylum Porifera?
16. Class Demospongiae has __________ spicules?
17. Which Class has spicules composed of Calcium Carbonate?
18. T/F - Sponges have intracellular digestion?
19. T/F - Sponges lack an endoderm?
20. In an Asconoid Sponge the Choanocytes line the __________?
21. The water exit the Sponge through the __________?
22. In a Syconoid Sponge the Choanocytes line the __________?
23. How is the Leuconoid Sponge different from the other types?
24. In a Leuconoid Sponge the Choanocytes line the __________?
25. The ____________ are totipotent cells within Poriferans.
26. What are two different larval types of Phylum Porifera?
27. T/F - The sponges that belong to Class Calcarea are very large, complex sponges that have calcium carbonate spicules.
28. Sponges from Class Demospongia are usually what canal type?
29. Sponges can reproduce both sexually and asexually.
30. What special organs do all sponges have?
31. What specific sponges are used in medical research and what kinds of ways are they used?
32. The harp sponge is a __________ feeder.

Exam 2 phylogeny

·         Chordata – 5 hallmarks

o    Cephalochordata -

§  Amphioxus

·         Lancelet – slender, laterally flattened, 5-7 cm long, monecious, external fertilization

o    Vertebrata (Craniata) – ventral 3-chambered heart, tripartite brain,

§  Agnatha

·         Myxini

o    Hagfish – slime pores, marine, scavengers, knot, 100:1 sex ratio,

·         Petromyzontida

o    Lamprey- parasitic, anadromous, buccal funnel, control measures

·         Ostracoderm: extinct 530-MYO fossils, armored, lacked paired fins, <30cm,

§  Gnathostomata – gill arches and jaws derived from neural crest cells

·         Placoderm – head and thorax covered by thick armored plates, up to 11 meters,

·         Chondrichthyes – placoid scales, claspers, cartilaginous skeleton

o    Elasmobranchii – rostrum, spiracle, heterocercal tail (thrust and lift)

§  Sharks – ram ventilation, lateral-line system, ampullae of lorenzini, spiral valve, large liver, nitrogen in blood

§  Skates and rays – flat disklike body, benthic, platelike teeth,

o    Holocephali – Chimaeras

§  Ratfish – jaws with flat plates, upper jaw fused to cranium

·         Acanthodii – mix of bony and cartilaginous skeleton, fins supported by spines, 1-2 m

·         Osteichthyes – bony fish

o    Actinopterygii – ray finned fish

§  Sturgeon/Paddlefish – ganoid scales, heterocercal tail

§  Bowfin/Gar – ganoid scales, heterocercal tail, Mississippi river

§  Teleost – cycloid or ctenoid scales, homocercal tail, flexible dorsal fin, swim bladder, operculum

o    Sarcopterygii – lobe finned fish

§  Lungfish- survive dessication seasons

§  Coelacanth – diphycercal tail, fleshy fins

·         Intermediate Tetrapods – oxygen, density, temperature, dessication

o    Eusthenopteron – paddle through bottom mud, lungs and walking fins

o    Tiktaalik- recently discovered, limbs support body, snout above breathing

o    Acanthostega – clearly formed digits, drug body on ground

o    Ichthyostega – bulkier limb muscles, didn’t walk efficiently

o    Limnoscelis – 5 digits, early Permian (300 MYA)

o    Temnospondyls – resemble large salamanders, 20 cm – 3 m long, aquatic

o    Lepospondyls – simple spool-shaped vertebra, small, aquatic

·         Tetrapoda

o    Lissamphibia – pedicellate teeth, mucus and poison glands, muscles elevate the eye, straight ribs, cutaneous respiration, buccopharyngeal force breathing

§  Urodella

·         Salamanders- four-limbed, long tails, costal grooves, lack scales, regenerate limbs, mythology, paedomorphosis (Axolotl)

§  Anura – cosmopolitan except oceanic islands, fused caudal vertebrae, shortened trunk, paratoids, sexually dimorphic, amplexus

·         Toads and Frogs

§  Apoda of Gymnophiona

·         Caecilians – elongate, burrowing, limbless, tropical forests, terminal anus, internal insemination, parental care, tentacle – chemosensory organ that opens to the surface of the head through an aperture in the skull located between eyes and nostril

o    Amniota: Yolk sac, amnion, allantois, chorion, shell

§  Lepidosauria – better jaws than amphibians, suck air in by enlarging thoracic cavity,

·         Sphenodonta (Rhynchocephalia):living fossil, brain and mode of locomotion like amphibians, New Zealand

·         Squamata – scaled reptiles,

o    Lizards- extremely diverse group including terrestrial, burrowing, aquatic, arboreal and even aerial

§  Helodermatidae – venom glands in low jaw

§  Beaded lizards/ Gila monsters

§  Amphisbaens – legless, moveable eyelids, external ears

o    Serpentes – Jacobson’s organ

§  Boidae – boas (new world), pythons (old world), sand boas

§  Colubridae – 63% of all snakes, gopher, corn, king, milk, garter

§  Viperidae – none in Australia and Madagascar, hinged fangs, copperheads, pit vipers, adders, rattlesnakes

§  Elapidae – hollow fixed fangs, extremely venomous, coral, cobras, taipans, sea snakes, mambas

§  Testudines

·         Turtles: carapace, scutes, plastron (concave or convex)

§  Archosauria

·         Crocodilia

o    Crocodiles – widely distributed

o    Alligators  and caiman mostly new world

·         Aves – feathers, keratinized beaks, oviparous, pneumatic

o    Archaeopteryx – Germany 1861, 147 MYO,

§  Flightless Birds - ostrich

o    Neognathous Bird – keeled sternum, migration

§  Mammalia – early synapsids were pelycosaurs, hair, endothermy, homeothermy, sweat and scent glands, fleshy external ears, produce milk for young, horns vs. antlers,

·         Monotremata

o    Duck-billed platypus, echidnas

·         Diprotodontia

o    Koalas, wombats, wallabies, kangaroos

·         Chiroptera

o    Bats

·         Lagomorpha

o    Rabbits, hares, pika

·         Primates

o    Lemurs, monkeys, apes, humans

·         Rodentia

o    Squirrels, rats, woodchucks, porcupine, beaver, lemmings

·         Carnivora

o    Dogs, bears, weasels, seal, sea lions, walruses, cats, skunks, badgers, otters

·         Proboscidea

o    Elephants

·         Sirenia

o    Manatees

·         Perissodactly

o    Horses, rhinos, zebras

·         Artiodactlya

o    Camels, deer, hippos, cattle, goats, antelopes, swine

·         Cetacea

o    Whales, dolphins, porpoises

Exam 2 Jeopardy

Below is a link to the Jeopardy we went over during todays SI session, the second link is to another Jeopardy that I designed for last semesters 2nd exam (there may be some information missing or included that will not be on your exam on the second link)

Spring 2014 Exam 2 Jeopardy - https://www.dropbox.com/s/cduwk1kvvwr9b0z/Jeopardy%20-%20Exam%202%20Review%202014.pptx

Fall 2013 Exam 2 Jeopardy - https://www.dropbox.com/s/9hlripqduax5xvo/Jeopardy%20-%20Exam%202%20Review.pptx

I have not yet finished filing in the table for the info on the second exam, I will try to post it sometime tomorrow, but try to get it done on your own as you will learn it better this way.

Hope these help!

Reminder - We will have an exam review on Monday from 11:30-1:30

Practice Quesions for Tetrapods

If a question has more than one correct answer select all that apply

1. T/F - Amphibians were the first animals to invade the land.
2. What challenges did early terrestrial vertebrates?
1. Less oxygen on land
2. Body weight support
3. Dessication
4. Less food on land
5. Temperature fluctuation
6. Less diverse habitats on land
3. T/F - Oxygen is 50 times more abundant in air and diffuses much more rapidly through air
4. What type of environment would encourage fish to come to land. (thinkn about which environment is more stable)
1. Fresh water environments
2. Marine environments

Practice Questions for Fishes

If an question has more than one correct answer please select all that apply

1. What kind of tail do you find in most cartilagenous fish?
1. Heterocercal
2. Homocercal
3. Diphycercal
2. What have you lost in the homocercal tail?
1. Lift
2. Thrust
3. Speed
4. Surface area
3. The homocercal tail is more efficient for?
1. Lift
2. Thrust
3. Movement
4. Speed
5. Surface area
4. What kind of scale is present in most cartilagenous fish?
1. Placoid scales
2. Ganoid scales
3. Cycloid scales
4. Ctenoid scales
5. What kind of scale is present in the Sturgeon group of fish?
1. Placoid
2. Ganoid
3. Cycloid
4. Ctenoid
6. What kind of tail is present in the Sturgeon group of fish?
1. Homocercal tail
2. Heterocercal tail
3. Diphycercal tail
7. Which of these fish do not belong to the Sturgeon group of fish?
1. Atlantic sturgeon
2. Birchir
3. Bowfin
4. Paddlefish
8. T/F - Sturgeon have internal fertilization
9. Which of these fish do not belong to the Gar group of fish?
1. Gar
2. Paddlefish
3. Bowfin
4. Birchir
10. T/F - The Gar is a large fish that can weigh up to 300 lbs.
11. What group of fish has the largest number of species?
1. Chondrichthyes
2. Actinopterygii
3. Sarcopterygii
12. The teleost lineage has what type of tail?
1. Homocercal tail
2. Heterocercal tail
3. Diphycercal tail
13. T/F - The teleost lineage is more successful than other lineages because of its fixed dorsal fin.
14. This new feature allows the fish to dedicate energy to other characteristics because it allows the fish to control buoyancy.
1. Operculum
2. Swim bladder
3. Spiracle
4. Homocercal tail
15. T/F - The operculum increases the respiratory efficiency and is present in many of the Cartilagenous fish
16. The ancestors of tetrapods are ____________?
1. Chondrichthyes
2. Actinopterygii
3. Teleost Lineage
4. Sarcopterygii
17. Which of the following belongs to the group Actinopterygii?
1. Trout
2. Shark
3. Coelacanth
4. Sturgeon
5. Ray
6. Salmon
7. Lungfish
18. Which of the following belongs to the group Chondrichthyes?
1. Trout
2. Shark
3. Coelacanth
4. Sturgeon
5. Ray
6. Salmon
7. Lungfish
19. Which of the following belongs to the group Sarcopterygii?
1. Trout
2. Shark
3. Coelacanth
4. Sturgeon
5. Ray
6. Salmon
7. Lungfish
20. What type of fin does a Coelacanth have?
1. Cartilagenous fin
2. Fleshy fin
3. Ray fin  
21. T/F - Most lung fish retain the ability to breath air and commonly live in cool, clear water
22. What type of migration do you see in Salmon?
1. Anadromous
2. Catadromous
23. What type of migration do you see in Freshwater Eels?
1. Anadromous
2. Catadromous